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Albert Otto Hirschman (born ''Otto-Albert Hirschmann''; April 7, 1915 – December 10, 2012) was an influential economist and the author of several books on political economy and political ideology. His first major contribution was in the area of development economics.〔Hirschman, A. O. (1958) The Strategy of Economic Development. Yale University Press〕 Here he emphasized the need for unbalanced growth. Because developing countries are short of decision making skills, he argued that disequilibria should be encouraged to stimulate growth and help mobilize resources. Key to this was encouraging industries with a large number of linkages to other firms. His later work was in political economy and there he advanced two simple but intellectually powerful schemata. The first describes the three basic possible responses to decline in firms or polities: ''Exit, Voice, and Loyalty''. The second describes the basic arguments made by conservatives: perversity, futility and jeopardy, in ''The Rhetoric of Reaction.'' In World War II, he played a key role in rescuing refugees in occupied France. ==Life== Otto Albert Hirschmann was born in Berlin, Germany, the son of Carl and Hedwig Marcuse Hirschmann, and brother of Ursula Hirschmann.〔 (Honorary degree awarded to Albert O. Hirschman ) by Free University of Berlin〕 After he had started studying in 1932 at Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, he was educated at the Sorbonne, the London School of Economics and the University of Trieste, from which he received his doctorate in economics in 1938.〔 Soon thereafter, Hirschman volunteered to fight on behalf of the Spanish Republic in the Spanish Civil War. After France surrendered to the Nazis, he worked with Varian Fry to help many of Europe's leading artists and intellectuals to escape to the United States; Hirschman helped to lead them from occupied France to Spain through paths in the Pyrenees Mountains and then to Portugal. A Rockefeller Fellow at the University of California, Berkeley (1941–1943), he served in the United States Army (1943–1946) where he worked in the Office of Strategic Services, was appointed Chief of the Western European and British Commonwealth Section of the Federal Reserve Board (1946–1952), served as a financial advisor to the National Planning Board of Colombia (1952–1954) and then became a private economic counselor in Bogotá (1954–1956). Following that he held a succession of academic appointments in economics at Yale University (1956–1958), Columbia University (1958–1964), Harvard University (1964–1974) and the Institute for Advanced Study (1974–2012). Hirschman helped develop the Hiding hand principle in his 1967 essay 'The principle of the hiding hand'. In 2001, Hirschman was named among the top 100 American intellectuals, as measured by academic citations, in Richard Posner's book, ''Public Intellectuals: A Study of Decline.'' In 2003, he won the Benjamin E. Lippincott Award from the American Political Science Association to recognize a work of exceptional quality by a living political theorist for his book ''The Passions and the Interests: Political Arguments for Capitalism before Its Triumph''. In 2007, the Social Science Research Council established an annual prize in honor of Hirschman.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Albert O. Hirschman Prize of the Social Science Research Council )〕 He died at the age of 97 on December 10, 2012, some months after the passing of his wife of over seventy years, Sarah Hirschman (née Chapro). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Albert O. Hirschman」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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